The Tombs of the Kings in Paphos, Cyprus, is a historically significant archaeological site that offers visitors a glimpse into the burial practices of the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Despite its name, no royalty was ever buried here. Instead, it served as the final resting place for aristocrats and high-ranking officials from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. This UNESCO World Heritage site continues to intrigue historians, archaeologists, and travelers alike.
A Brief History of the Tombs of the Kings
The Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Cyprus when they built the Tombs of the Kings in the 3rd century BC. The architects intended the site to serve as the burial ground for the elite of Nea Paphos, the island’s administrative center during this period. The architects carved the tombs from solid rock, drawing inspiration from the Hellenistic necropolises of Alexandria, Pergamon, and Delos. The grandeur of these tombs, which resemble elaborate houses for the living, likely earned them their misleading name.
Various civilizations, including early Christians, continued to use the site over the centuries, repurposing some tombs for burials. Unfortunately, the necropolis was subjected to looting and vandalism, particularly during medieval times when squatters occupied certain chambers and even established a pottery workshop within one of the tombs.
Excavations and Discoveries
While the existence of the Tombs of the Kings was known for centuries, official excavation efforts began in the late 19th century. The first documented mention of the tombs dates back to 1783 in the writings of Richard Pococke. In 1870, archaeologist Luigi Palma di Cesnola led one of the earliest digs. Additional excavations took place in 1915 under the direction of the curator of the Cyprus Museum, but it wasn’t until 1977 that systematic excavations began under Dr. Sophocles Hadjisavvas.
One of the challenges in dating the tombs was the extensive looting that had taken place over the years. However, archaeologists discovered Rhodian amphorae with stamped handles, which helped determine the approximate period during which the tombs were actively used. The similarities between the Paphos tombs and those in Alexandria further reinforce the connection between Cyprus and Egypt during the Hellenistic era.
The Architecture and Layout of the Tombs
The Tombs of the Kings feature a variety of architectural elements that distinguish them from other burial sites in Cyprus. Unlike the typical chamber tombs found in the region, these tombs have peristyle courtyards, Doric columns, and intricate rock-cut facades. The largest and most impressive tomb, Tomb 3, has an open atrium below ground level, surrounded by columns, giving it the appearance of a grand residence rather than a burial site.
Other tombs, such as Tomb 7, contain unique burial arrangements, including the remains of a rider and his horse preserved under glass. Tomb 4, which is among the best preserved, showcases the elaborate craftsmanship that once adorned these underground structures. Although most of the original frescoes have faded over time, some fragments remain, hinting at the vibrant decorations that once covered the walls.
Visiting the Tombs of the Kings Today
The Tombs of the Kings is one of the most visited historical sites in Cyprus. Situated just over a mile from Paphos Harbor, the site is easily accessible via Pafos bus 615, which runs every 15 minutes and stops right outside the entrance. The admission fee is affordable, making it an excellent destination for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.
Visitors can explore the underground tombs, walk through the courtyards, and observe the architectural details that have survived for more than two millennia. The vast necropolis provides a fascinating journey through time, allowing visitors to reflect on the grandeur and mystery of Hellenistic burial traditions.
Final Thoughts
Despite centuries of looting and natural erosion, the Tombs of the Kings remain an invaluable archaeological treasure. Researchers continue to actively study the site, providing new insights into the cultural and historical connections between Cyprus and the wider Mediterranean world. Whether you are a history buff or simply curious about ancient civilizations, the Tombs of the Kings is a must-visit destination in Paphos.
